Azo and anthraquinone dye mixture decolourization at elevated temperature and concentration by a newly isolated thermophilic fungus, Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae

Toxic, high temperature synthetic dye wastewater is currently treated biologically at lower temperatures via adsorption-based decolourization due to lack of suitable thermophilic candidates. Here, the dye decolourizing abilities of a thermophilic fungus, Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae at different temperatures and dye concentrations were investigated in an azo-anthraquinone dye mixture (Azure B, Congo Red, Trypan Blue and Remazol Brilliant Blue R) over 6 days. Assays with living and inactivated T. indicae-seudaticae, Aspergillus fumigatus and the combined culture indicated that inactivated fungi were substantially better at dye decolourization. Inactivated T. indicae-seudaticae was a faster and more effective dye decolourizer in the temperature range, 30-55 C at 100, 500 and 1000 mg l^-1 concentrations over 12 h than either A. fumigatus or the combined culture. At 1000 mg l^-1 and 55 C, Thermomucor adsorbed up to 1.7-fold (74.93% decolourization) more dye than Aspergillus (44.67%) over 12 h. Adsorption was predominantly metabolism independent, fitting both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the Pseudo second-order kinetic model. Low pH values (3.87-4.17 in living and 5.86 in inactivated biomass) were required for effective adsorption by Thermomucor sp. T. indicae-seudaticae is therefore an excellent candidate for high temperature dye decolourization.