Consumer opinion on the use of machine learning in healthcare settings: A qualitative systematic review

Introduction: Given the increasing number of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) tools in healthcare, we aimed to gain an understanding of consumer perspectives on the use of AI/ML tools for healthcare diagnostics. Methods: We conducted a qualitative systematic review, following established standardized methods, of the existing literature indexed in the following databases up to 4 April 2022: OVID MEDLINE, OVID EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. Results: Fourteen studies were identified as appropriate for inclusion in the meta-synthesis and systematic review. Most studies (n = 12) were conducted in high-income countries, with data extracted from both mixed methods (42.9%) and qualitative (57.1%) studies. The meta-synthesis identified four overarching themes across the included studies: (1) Trust, fear, and uncertainty; (2) Data privacy and ML governance; (3) Impact on healthcare delivery and access; and (4) Consumers want to be engaged. Conclusion: The current evidence demonstrates consumers’ understandings of AI/ML for medical diagnosis are complex. Consumers express a complex combination of both hesitancy and support towards AI/ML in healthcare diagnosis. Importantly, their views of the use of AI/ML in medical diagnosis are influenced by the perceived trustworthiness of their healthcare providers who use these AI/ML tools. Consumers recognize the potential for AI/ML tools to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency and access, and express a strong interest to be engaged in the development and implementation process of AI/ML into routine healthcare.