TY - JOUR
T1 - Diet quality trajectories and cardiovascular phenotypes/metabolic syndrome risk by 11–12 years
AU - Kerr, Jessica A.
AU - Liu, Richard S.
AU - Gasser, Constantine E.
AU - Mensah, Fiona K.
AU - Burgner, David
AU - Lycett, Kate
AU - Gillespie, Alanna N.
AU - Juonala, Markus
AU - Clifford, Susan A.
AU - Olds, Tim
AU - Saffery, Richard
AU - Gold, Lisa
AU - Liu, Mengjiao
AU - Azzopardi, Peter
AU - Edwards, Ben
AU - Dwyer, Terence
AU - Wake, Melissa
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding The Child Health CheckPoint was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (Project Grants 1041352, 1109355), The Royal Children’s Hospital Foundation (2014-241), the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute (MCRI), The University of Melbourne, the National Heart Foundation of Australia (100660), Financial Markets Foundation for Children (2014-055, 2016-310) and the Victorian Deaf Education Institute. The following authors were supported by the NHMRC: MW (Principal Research Fellowship 1160906), DB (Senior Research Fellowship 1064629); FKM (Career Development Fellowship 1111160); KL (Early Career Fellowship 1091124). The following authors were supported by the National Heart Foundation of Australia: Honorary Future Leader Fellowship to DB (100369); Postdoctoral Fellowship to KL (101239). The MCRI administered the research grants for the study and provided infrastructural support to its staff and the study, but played no role in the conduct or analysis of the study. DSS played a role in study design; however, no other funding bodies had a role in the study design and conduct; data collection, management, analysis and interpretation; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
PY - 2021/7
Y1 - 2021/7
N2 - Objective: To investigate associations between early-life diet trajectories and preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic risk by age 12 years. Methods: Participants were 1861 children (51% male) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. At five biennial waves from 2–3 to 10–11 years: Every 2 years from 2006 to 2014, diet quality scores were collected from brief 24-h parent/self-reported dietary recalls and then classified using group-based trajectory modeling as ‘never healthy’ (7%), ‘becoming less healthy’ (17%), ‘moderately healthy’ (21%), and ‘always healthy’ (56%). At 11–12 years: During children’s physical health Child Health CheckPoint (2015–2016), we measured cardiovascular functional (resting heart rate, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, carotid elasticity/distensibility) and structural (carotid intima-media thickness, retinal microvasculature) phenotypes, and metabolic risk score (composite of body mass index z-score, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose). Associations were estimated using linear regression models (n = 1100–1800) adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic position. Results: Compared to ‘always healthy’, the ‘never healthy’ trajectory had higher resting heart rate (2.6 bpm, 95% CI 0.4, 4.7) and metabolic risk score (0.23, 95% CI 0.01, 0.45), and lower arterial elasticity (−0.3% per 10 mmHg, 95% CI −0.6, −0.1) and distensibility (−1.2%, 95% CI −1.9, −0.5) (all effect sizes 0.3–0.4). Heart rate, distensibility, and diastolic blood pressure were progressively poorer for less healthy diet trajectories (linear trends p ≤ 0.02). Effects for systolic blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and structural phenotypes were less evident. Conclusions: Children following the least healthy diet trajectory had poorer functional cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic syndrome risk, including higher resting heart rate, one of the strongest precursors of all-cause mortality. Structural phenotypes were not associated with diet trajectories, suggesting the window to prevent permanent changes remains open to at least late childhood.
AB - Objective: To investigate associations between early-life diet trajectories and preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic risk by age 12 years. Methods: Participants were 1861 children (51% male) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. At five biennial waves from 2–3 to 10–11 years: Every 2 years from 2006 to 2014, diet quality scores were collected from brief 24-h parent/self-reported dietary recalls and then classified using group-based trajectory modeling as ‘never healthy’ (7%), ‘becoming less healthy’ (17%), ‘moderately healthy’ (21%), and ‘always healthy’ (56%). At 11–12 years: During children’s physical health Child Health CheckPoint (2015–2016), we measured cardiovascular functional (resting heart rate, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, carotid elasticity/distensibility) and structural (carotid intima-media thickness, retinal microvasculature) phenotypes, and metabolic risk score (composite of body mass index z-score, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose). Associations were estimated using linear regression models (n = 1100–1800) adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic position. Results: Compared to ‘always healthy’, the ‘never healthy’ trajectory had higher resting heart rate (2.6 bpm, 95% CI 0.4, 4.7) and metabolic risk score (0.23, 95% CI 0.01, 0.45), and lower arterial elasticity (−0.3% per 10 mmHg, 95% CI −0.6, −0.1) and distensibility (−1.2%, 95% CI −1.9, −0.5) (all effect sizes 0.3–0.4). Heart rate, distensibility, and diastolic blood pressure were progressively poorer for less healthy diet trajectories (linear trends p ≤ 0.02). Effects for systolic blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and structural phenotypes were less evident. Conclusions: Children following the least healthy diet trajectory had poorer functional cardiovascular phenotypes and metabolic syndrome risk, including higher resting heart rate, one of the strongest precursors of all-cause mortality. Structural phenotypes were not associated with diet trajectories, suggesting the window to prevent permanent changes remains open to at least late childhood.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103655330&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/s41366-021-00800-x
DO - 10.1038/s41366-021-00800-x
M3 - Article
C2 - 33824404
AN - SCOPUS:85103655330
SN - 0307-0565
VL - 45
SP - 1392
EP - 1403
JO - International Journal of Obesity
JF - International Journal of Obesity
IS - 7
ER -