Serum sex steroids and steroidogenesis-related enzyme expression in skeletal muscle during experimental weight gain in men

Low-circulating testosterone is associated with development of type 2 diabetes in obese men. In this study, we examined the effects of experimental overfeeding and weight gain on serum levels of sex hormones and skeletal muscle expression of steroidogenic enzymes in healthy men with (FH+) and without (FH-) a family history of type 2 diabetes. Methods: Following a 3-day lead in energy balanced diet, FH+ (. n=. 9) and FH- men (. n=. 11) were overfed by 5200. kJ/day (45% fat) for 28. days. Body weight, fasting glucose, insulin, sex steroid, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels, insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp) and body fat (DXA) were assessed in all individuals at baseline and day. 28, and sex steroidogenesis-related enzyme expression in vastus lateralis biopsies was examined in a subset (. n=. 11). Results: Body weight, fat mass and fasting insulin levels were increased by overfeeding (. P<. 0.01) and insulin was increased significantly more in FH+ men (. P<. 0.01). Serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were reduced with overfeeding (. P<. 0.05), and serum testosterone and DHT were reduced to a greater extent in FH+ men (. P<. 0.05). Overfeeding reduced mRNA expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17βHSD (. P≤. 0.007), independently of group. 5α-Reductase (SRD5A1) mRNA expression was not changed overall, but a time by group interaction was observed (. P=. 0.04). Conclusion: Overfeeding reduced SHBG and muscle expression of enzymes involved in the formation of testosterone in skeletal muscle. Men with a family history of T2DM were more susceptible to deleterious outcomes of overfeeding with greater reductions in serum testosterone and DHT and greater increases in markers of insulin resistance, which may contribute to increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.